LLM_Engineering_OLD/week1/community-contributions/website-url-scrapping-csv/firstpage_summary.csv at 053199eae05ef6ad91676a32713b17ed3ea68125 - LLM_Engineering_OLD - Gitea

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vinitparak 967b1c4101 Added my contributions to community-contributions

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1	url	status	content_type	html	title	meta_description	text	error
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src="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-edworkprofile2.png?fit=1128%2C1128&ssl=1" class="custom-logo" alt="Edward Donner" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="54" data-permalink="https://edwarddonner.com/cropped-edworkprofile2-png/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-edworkprofile2.png?fit=1128%2C1128&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1128,1128" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="cropped-edworkprofile2.png" data-image-description="<p>https://edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-edworkprofile2.png</p> " data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-edworkprofile2.png?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-edworkprofile2.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1" /></a></div></div> </header> <h1 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-left has-primary-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ab25ddbf080f76a4ab0c7f1f00b61ae1" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)">Well, hi there.</h1> <p>I’m Ed. I like writing code and experimenting with LLMs, and hopefully you’re here because you do too. I also enjoy DJing (but I’m badly out of practice), amateur electronic music production (<em>very</em> amateur) and losing myself in <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com">Hacker News</a>, nodding my head sagely to things I only half understand.</p> <p>I’m the co-founder and CTO of <a href="https://nebula.io/?utm_source=ed&utm_medium=referral">Nebula.io</a>. We’re applying AI to a field where it can make a massive, positive impact: helping people discover their potential and pursue their reason for being. Recruiters use our product today to source, understand, engage and manage talent. I’m previously the founder and CEO of AI startup untapt, <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wynden-stark-group-acquires-nyc-venture-backed-tech-startup-untapt-301269512.html">acquired in 2021</a>.</p> <p>We work with groundbreaking, proprietary LLMs verticalized for talent, we’ve <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20210049536A1/">patented</a> our matching model, and our award-winning platform has happy customers and tons of press coverage. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eddonner/">Connect</a> with me for more!</p> <main class="wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a5588b2a wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"> <div class="wp-block-query alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul class="columns-4 wp-block-post-template has-small-font-size is-layout-grid wp-container-core-post-template-is-layout-e7fd85f5 wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid"><li class="wp-block-post post-1902 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-llm tag-agent tag-agentic-ai tag-ai tag-ai-engineering tag-aws tag-azure tag-gcp tag-gen-ai tag-llm tag-mcp tag-mlops tag-production tag-vercel"> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" style="padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><figure style="aspect-ratio:2/3;" class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="https://edwarddonner.com/2025/09/15/ai-in-production-gen-ai-and-agentic-ai-on-aws-at-scale/" target="_self" ><img width="1920" height="1080" src="https://edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="AI in Production: Gen AI and Agentic AI on AWS at scale" style="width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?w=1920&ssl=1 1920w, https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?resize=300%2C169&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?resize=768%2C432&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&ssl=1 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" data-attachment-id="1908" data-permalink="https://edwarddonner.com/2025/09/15/ai-in-production-gen-ai-and-agentic-ai-on-aws-at-scale/production/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1920,1080" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="production" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?fit=300%2C169&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/edwarddonner.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/production.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1" /></a></figure> <div style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);" class="wp-block-post-date has-x-small-font-size"><time datetime="2025-09-15T09:20:36-04:00">September 15, 2025</time></div> <h2 style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);" class="wp-block-post-title has-medium-font-size"><a href="https://edwarddonner.com/2025/09/15/ai-in-production-gen-ai-and-agentic-ai-on-aws-at-scale/" target="_self" >AI in Production: Gen AI and Agentic AI on AWS at scale</a></h2></div> </li><li 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root{--color-base:#eaecf0;--color-base--hover:#f8f9fa;--color-emphasized:#f8f9fa;--color-subtle:#a2a9b1;--color-disabled:#54595d;--color-disabled-emphasized:#72777d;--color-inverted:#101418;--color-progressive:#88a3e8;--color-progressive--hover:#a6bbf5;--color-progressive--active:#b6d4fb;--color-destructive:#fd7865;--color-destructive--hover:#fea898;--color-destructive--active:#ffc8bd;--color-visited:#a799cd;--color-visited--hover:#c5b9dd;--color-visited--active:#d9d0e9;--color-destructive--visited:#c99391;--color-destructive--visited--hover:#dcb5b3;--color-destructive--visited--active:#e8cecd;--color-error:#fd7865;--color-error--hover:#fea898;--color-error--active:#ffc8bd;--color-warning:#ca982e;--color-success:#2cb491;--color-notice:#a2a9b1;--color-content-added:#80cdb3;--color-content-removed:#fd7865;--color-base--subtle:#a2a9b1;--box-shadow-color-base:#72777d;--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus:#6485d1;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected:#88a3e8;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected--hover:#a6bbf5;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected--active:#b6d4fb;--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus:#6485d1;--box-shadow-color-inverted:#000;--box-shadow-color-alpha-base:rgba(0,0,0,0.87);--mix-blend-mode-blend:screen;--background-color-base:#101418;--background-color-neutral:#27292d;--background-color-neutral-subtle:#202122;--background-color-interactive:#27292d;--background-color-interactive--hover:#404244;--background-color-interactive--active:#54595d;--background-color-interactive-subtle:#202122;--background-color-interactive-subtle--hover:#27292d;--background-color-interactive-subtle--active:#404244;--background-color-disabled:#404244;--background-color-disabled-subtle:#27292d;--background-color-inverted:#f8f9fa;--background-color-progressive--focus:#6485d1;--background-color-progressive-subtle:#1b223d;--background-color-progressive-subtle--hover:#233566;--background-color-progressive-subtle--active:#3056a9;--background-color-destructive--focus:#6485d1;--background-color-destructive-subtle:#3c1a13;--background-color-destructive-subtle--hover:#612419;--background-color-destructive-subtle--active:#9f3526;--background-color-error-subtle:#3c1a13;--background-color-error-subtle--hover:#612419;--background-color-error-subtle--active:#9f3526;--background-color-warning-subtle:#2d2212;--background-color-success-subtle:#132821;--background-color-notice-subtle:#27292d;--background-color-content-added:#233566;--background-color-content-removed:#453217;--background-color-backdrop-light:rgba(0,0,0,0.65);--background-color-backdrop-dark:hsla(0,0%,100%,0.65);--border-color-base:#72777d;--border-color-emphasized:#eaecf0;--border-color-subtle:#54595d;--border-color-muted:#404244;--border-color-interactive--hover:#a2a9b1;--border-color-interactive--active:#c8ccd1;--border-color-disabled:#54595d;--border-color-inverted:#101418;--border-color-progressive--hover:#88a3e8;--border-color-progressive--active:#a6bbf5;--border-color-progressive--focus:#6485d1;--border-color-destructive--hover:#fd7865;--border-color-destructive--active:#fea898;--border-color-destructive--focus:#6485d1;--border-color-error--hover:#fd7865;--border-color-error--active:#fea898;--border-color-warning--hover:#ca982e;--border-color-warning--active:#edb537;--border-color-content-added:#233566;--border-color-content-removed:#987027}}:root{--color-print--visited:#520;--ss-pos-top:1rem;--ss-pos-right:1.2rem;--ss-pos-bottom:1.2rem;--ss-width:9.5rem;--ss-height:2.4rem;--ss-select-width:11rem;--ss-select-z-index:1;--ss-button-z-index:2}html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-size:62.5%}body{margin:0}details,summary{display:block}audio,canvas,progress,video{vertical-align:baseline}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}a:active,a:hover{outline:0}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted}b,strong{font-weight:700}dfn{font-style:italic}h1{font-size:3.2rem;margin:1.2rem 0}small{font-size:1.3rem}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sup{top:-.5em}sub{bottom:-.25em}figure{margin:1.6rem 4rem}hr{box-sizing:content-box}pre{overflow:auto}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:var(--font-family-monospace--fallback);font-size:1.4rem}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{color:inherit;font:inherit;margin:0}button,select{text-transform:none}button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}input{line-height:normal}input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,input[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}input[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;box-sizing:content-box}input[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}input[type=search]:focus{outline-offset:-2px}fieldset{border:var(--border-base);margin:0 .2rem;padding:.6rem 1rem 1.2rem}legend{padding:0}optgroup{font-weight:700}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}td,th{padding:0}.hidden{display:none!important}.screen-reader-text{display:block;position:absolute!important;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}body{background-color:var(--background-color-base);color:var(--color-base);font-family:var(--font-family-system-sans);font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.5;margin:.4rem 0 1.6rem}main{padding:0 1.28rem}a{touch-action:manipulation}a,a:active,a:focus{unicode-bidi:embed;outline:0;color:var(--color-progressive);text-decoration:none}a:focus{outline:1px solid var(--outline-color-progressive--focus)}a:hover{text-decoration:underline}img{vertical-align:middle}hr,img{border:0}hr{clear:both;height:0;border-bottom:var(--border-subtle);margin:.26rem 0}.pure-button{display:inline-block;zoom:1;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-drag:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);color:var(--color-base);position:relative;min-height:1.92rem;min-width:1.6rem;margin:.16rem 0;border:var(--border-base);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);padding:.8rem 1.6rem;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:top;transition:background .1s ease,color .1s ease,border-color .1s ease,box-shadow .1s ease}.pure-button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}.pure-button-hover,.pure-button:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base);border-color:var(--border-color-base);color:var(--color-base--hover)}.pure-button-active,.pure-button:active{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive);color:var(--color-emphasized)}.pure-button:focus{outline:var(--outline-base--focus);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus);box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus)}.pure-button-primary-progressive{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive);color:var(--color-inverted)}.pure-button-primary-progressive:hover{background:var(--background-color-progressive--hover);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover)}.pure-button-primary-progressive:active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active);box-shadow:none;color:var(--color-inverted)}.pure-button-primary-progressive:focus{box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus),var(--box-shadow-inset-medium) var(--box-shadow-color-inverted);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus)}.pure-form input[type=search]{background-color:var(--background-color-base);display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box;border:var(--border-base);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);padding:.8rem;box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-inverted);vertical-align:middle}.pure-form input:focus:invalid{color:var(--color-error);border-color:var(--border-color-error)}.pure-form fieldset{margin:0;padding:.56rem 0 1.2rem;border:0}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){.pure-form input[type=search]{display:block}}.central-textlogo-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.central-textlogo{position:relative;margin:4rem auto .5rem;width:270px;font-family:Linux Libertine,Hoefler Text,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:3rem;font-weight:400;line-height:3.3rem;text-align:center;font-feature-settings:"ss05"}.localized-slogan{display:block;font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:400}.central-textlogo__image{color:transparent;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-10000px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){.central-textlogo__image{filter:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><filter id="filter"><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="1 0" /></feComponentTransfer></filter></svg>#filter');-webkit-filter:invert(100%);filter:invert(100%)}}.central-featured-logo{position:absolute;top:158px;left:35px}@media (max-width:480px){.central-textlogo{position:relative;height:70px;width:auto;margin:2rem 0 0;text-align:center;line-height:2.5rem;text-indent:-1rem;font-size:1em}.central-textlogo-wrapper{position:relative;top:12px;text-indent:.2rem}.svg-Wikipedia_wordmark{width:150px;height:25px;background-position:0 -260px;background-size:100%}.localized-slogan{font-size:1.4rem}.central-featured-logo{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:57px;height:auto;left:0;top:0}}@media (max-width:240px){.central-textlogo__image{height:auto}}.central-featured{position:relative;height:32.5rem;width:54.6rem;max-width:100%;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.central-featured-lang{position:absolute;width:15.6rem}.central-featured-lang .link-box{display:block;border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);padding:0;text-decoration:none;white-space:normal}.central-featured-lang .link-box:hover strong{text-decoration:underline}.central-featured-lang :hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive)}.central-featured-lang strong{display:block;font-size:1.6rem}.central-featured-lang small{color:var(--color-subtle);display:inline-block;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.6}.central-featured-lang em{font-style:italic}.central-featured-lang .emNonItalicLang{font-style:normal}.lang1{top:0;right:60%}.lang2{top:0;left:60%}.lang3{top:20%;right:70%}.lang4{top:20%;left:70%}.lang5{top:40%;right:72%}.lang6{top:40%;left:72%}.lang7{top:60%;right:70%}.lang8{top:60%;left:70%}.lang9{top:80%;right:60%}.lang10{top:80%;left:60%}@media (max-width:480px){.central-featured{width:auto;height:auto;margin-top:8rem;font-size:1.3rem;text-align:left}.central-featured:after{content:" ";display:block;visibility:hidden;clear:both;height:0;font-size:0}.central-featured-lang{display:block;float:left;position:relative;top:auto;left:auto;right:auto;box-sizing:border-box;height:6.4rem;width:33%;margin:0 0 16px;padding:0 1.6rem;font-size:1.4rem;text-align:center}.central-featured-lang strong{font-size:1.4rem;margin-bottom:4px}.central-featured-lang small{line-height:1.4}}@media (max-width:375px){.central-featured-lang{font-size:1.3rem}}@media (max-width:240px){.central-featured-lang{width:100%}}.search-container{float:none;max-width:95%;width:540px;margin:.4rem auto 1.95rem;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.search-container fieldset{word-spacing:-4px}.search-container button{min-height:4.4rem;margin:0;border-radius:0 var(--border-radius-base) var(--border-radius-base) 0;padding:.8rem 1.6rem;font-size:1.6rem;z-index:var(--ss-button-z-index)}.search-container button .svg-search-icon{text-indent:-9999px}.search-container input[type=search]::-webkit-search-results-button,.search-container input[type=search]::-webkit-search-results-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}.search-container input::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{display:none}.search-container .sprite.svg-arrow-down{position:absolute;top:.8rem;right:.6rem}#searchInput{-webkit-appearance:none;width:100%;height:4.4rem;border-left-width:var(--border-width-base);border-bottom-width:var(--border-width-base);border-right-width:0;border-top-width:var(--border-width-base);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base) 0 0 var(--border-radius-base);padding:.8rem 9.6rem .8rem 1.2rem;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.6;transition:background .1s ease,border-color .1s ease,box-shadow .1s ease}#searchInput:hover{border-color:var(--border-color-interactive)}#searchInput:focus{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive);box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus);outline:var(--outline-base--focus)}.search-container .search-input{display:inline-block;position:relative;width:73%;vertical-align:top}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){.search-container .pure-form fieldset{margin-left:1rem;margin-right:6.6rem}.search-container .search-input{width:100%;margin-right:-6.6rem}.search-container .pure-form button{float:right;right:-5.6rem}}.suggestions-dropdown{background-color:var(--background-color-base);display:inline-block;position:absolute;left:0;z-index:2;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:var(--border-base);border-top:0;box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-drop-medium);text-align:left;list-style-type:none;word-spacing:normal}.suggestion-link{display:block;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:7rem;width:100%;padding:1rem 1rem 1rem 8.5rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle);color:inherit;text-decoration:none;text-align:initial;white-space:normal}.suggestion-link.active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle)}a.suggestion-link:hover{text-decoration:none}a.suggestion-link:active,a.suggestion-link:focus{outline:0;white-space:normal}.suggestion-thumbnail{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 56 56'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23eee' d='M0 0h56v56H0z'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%23999' d='M36.4 13.5H17.8v24.9c0 1.4.9 2.3 2.3 2.3h18.7v-25c.1-1.4-1-2.2-2.4-2.2zM30.2 17h5.1v6.4h-5.1V17zm-8.8 0h6v1.8h-6V17zm0 4.6h6v1.8h-6v-1.8zm0 15.5v-1.8h13.8v1.8H21.4zm13.8-4.5H21.4v-1.8h13.8v1.8zm0-4.7H21.4v-1.8h13.8v1.8z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;background-size:cover;height:100%;width:7rem;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.suggestion-title{margin:0 0 .78rem;color:var(--color-subtle);font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.872rem}.suggestion-link.active .suggestion-title{color:var(--color-progressive)}.suggestion-highlight{font-style:normal;text-decoration:underline}.suggestion-description{color:var(--color-placeholder);margin:0;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.43rem}.styled-select{display:none;position:absolute;top:var(--ss-pos-top);bottom:var(--ss-pos-bottom);right:var(--ss-pos-right);max-width:var(--ss-width);height:var(--ss-height);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base)}.styled-select:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)}.styled-select .hide-arrow{right:3.2rem;max-width:6.8rem;height:var(--ss-height);overflow:hidden;text-align:right}.styled-select select{background:transparent;display:inline;overflow:hidden;height:var(--ss-height);min-width:var(--ss-select-width);max-width:var(--ss-select-width);width:var(--ss-select-width);box-sizing:border-box;border:0;line-height:var(--ss-height);-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:window;text-indent:.01px;text-overflow:"";opacity:0;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;cursor:pointer}.styled-select.no-js{width:var(--ss-width)}.styled-select.no-js select{opacity:1;margin:0;padding:0 2.4rem 0 .8rem;color:var(--color-subtle)}.styled-select.no-js .hide-arrow{width:6.8rem}.search-container .styled-select.no-js .js-langpicker-label{display:none}.styled-select.js-enabled .hide-arrow{padding:0 2.4rem 0 .8rem}.styled-select.js-enabled select{background:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:var(--ss-select-z-index);width:100%;border:0;margin:0;padding:0 2.4rem;color:transparent;color:hsla(0,0%,100%,0)}.styled-select.js-enabled select option{color:var(--color-subtle)}.styled-select.js-enabled select:hover{background-color:transparent}.styled-select-active-helper{display:none}.styled-select.js-enabled select:focus+.styled-select-active-helper{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:0;width:100%;height:100%;outline:1px solid var(--outline-color-progressive--focus)}.search-container .js-langpicker-label{display:inline-block;margin:0;color:var(--color-subtle);font-size:1.3rem;line-height:var(--ss-height);text-transform:uppercase}.styled-select select:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)}.styled-select select:focus{outline:var(--outline-base--focus);box-shadow:none}@-moz-document url-prefix(){.styled-select select{width:110%}}.other-projects{display:inline-block;width:65%}.other-project{float:left;position:relative;width:33%;height:9rem}.other-project-link{display:inline-block;min-height:50px;width:90%;padding:1em;white-space:nowrap}.other-project-link:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive)}a.other-project-link{text-decoration:none}.other-project-icon{display:inline-block;width:50px;text-align:center}.svg-Wikinews-logo_sister{background-image:url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikinews-logo_sister.png);background-position:0 0;background-size:47px 26px;width:47px;height:26px}@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.25),(min-resolution:120dpi){.svg-Wikinews-logo_sister{background-image:url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikinews-logo_sister@2x.png)}}.other-project-text,.other-project .sprite-project-logos{display:inline-block}.other-project-text{max-width:65%;font-size:1.4rem;vertical-align:middle;white-space:normal}.other-project-tagline,.other-project-title{display:block}.other-project-tagline{color:var(--color-subtle);font-size:1.3rem}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.other-projects{width:100%}.other-project{width:33%}}@media screen and (max-width:480px){.other-project{width:50%}.other-project-tagline{-webkit-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}}@media screen and (max-width:320px){.other-project-text{margin-right:5px;font-size:1.3rem}}.lang-list-container{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);overflow:hidden;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;max-height:0;width:80%;margin:-1.6rem auto 4.8rem;transition:max-height .5s ease-out .16s,visibility .5s ease-in 1s}.js-enabled .lang-list-container{visibility:hidden}.lang-list-active .lang-list-container,.no-js .lang-list-container{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;transition:max-height 1s ease-in 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#searchInput{max-width:40%;vertical-align:middle}.search-form .formBtn{max-width:25%;vertical-align:middle}form fieldset{margin:0;border-left:0;border-right:0}hr{margin-top:.65rem}}@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2),(min--moz-device-pixel-ratio:2),(min-resolution:2dppx),(min-resolution:192dpi){hr{border-bottom-width:.5px}}@supports (-webkit-marquee-style:slide){hr{border-bottom-width:1px}}.js-enabled .central-featured,.js-enabled .jsl10n{opacity:0}.jsl10n-visible .central-featured,.jsl10n-visible .jsl10n{opacity:1}@media print{body{background-color:transparent}a{color:#000!important;background:none!important;padding:0!important}a:link,a:visited{color:var(--color-print--visited);background:transparent}img{border:0}} </style> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="me" href="https://wikis.world/@wikipedia"> <meta property="og:url" content> <meta property="og:title" content="Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:description" content="Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/2244px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png"> </head> <body id="www-wikipedia-org"> <main> <div class="central-textlogo"> <img class="central-featured-logo" src="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2.png" srcset="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2@1.5x.png 1.5x, portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2@2x.png 2x" width="200" height="183" alt> <h1 class="central-textlogo-wrapper"> <span class="central-textlogo__image sprite svg-Wikipedia_wordmark"> Wikipedia </span> <strong class="jsl10n localized-slogan" data-jsl10n="portal.slogan">The Free Encyclopedia</strong> </h1> </div> <nav data-jsl10n="top-ten-nav-label" aria-label="Top languages" class="central-featured" data-el-section="primary links"> <!-- #1. en.wikipedia.org - 1,625,523,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang1" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-en" href="//en.wikipedia.org/" title="English — Wikipedia — The Free Encyclopedia" class="link-box" data-slogan="The Free Encyclopedia"> <strong>English</strong> <small>7,056,000+ <span>articles</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #2. ja.wikipedia.org - 212,542,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang2" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-ja" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/" title="Nihongo — ウィキペディア — フリー百科事典" class="link-box" data-slogan="フリー百科事典"> <strong>日本語</strong> <small>1,472,000+ <span>記事</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #3. ru.wikipedia.org - 170,547,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang3" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-ru" href="//ru.wikipedia.org/" title="Russkiy — Википедия — Свободная энциклопедия" class="link-box" data-slogan="Свободная энциклопедия"> <strong>Русский</strong> <small>2 063 000+ <span>статей</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #4. de.wikipedia.org - 165,142,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang4" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-de" href="//de.wikipedia.org/" title="Deutsch — Wikipedia — Die freie Enzyklopädie" class="link-box" data-slogan="Die freie Enzyklopädie"> <strong>Deutsch</strong> <small>3.051.000+ <span>Artikel</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #5. fr.wikipedia.org - 142,469,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang5" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-fr" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/" title="Français — Wikipédia — L’encyclopédie libre" class="link-box" data-slogan="L’encyclopédie libre"> <strong>Français</strong> <small>2 709 000+ <span>articles</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #6. es.wikipedia.org - 136,089,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang6" lang="es" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-es" href="//es.wikipedia.org/" title="Español — Wikipedia — La enciclopedia libre" class="link-box" data-slogan="La enciclopedia libre"> <strong>Español</strong> <small>2.061.000+ <span>artículos</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #7. zh.wikipedia.org - 96,754,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang7" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-zh" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/" title="Zhōngwén — 维基百科 / 維基百科 — 自由的百科全书 / 自由的百科全書" class="link-box localize-variant" data-slogan="自由的百科全书 / 自由的百科全書"> <strong>中文</strong> <small>1,500,000+ <span>条目 / 條目</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #8. it.wikipedia.org - 93,374,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang8" lang="it" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-it" href="//it.wikipedia.org/" title="Italiano — Wikipedia — L'enciclopedia libera" class="link-box" data-slogan="L'enciclopedia libera"> <strong>Italiano</strong> <small>1.935.000+ <span>voci</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #9. pl.wikipedia.org - 44,239,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang9" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-pl" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/" title="Polski — Wikipedia — Wolna encyklopedia" class="link-box" data-slogan="Wolna encyklopedia"> <strong>Polski</strong> <small>1 668 000+ <span>haseł</span></small> </a> </div> <!-- #10. pt.wikipedia.org - 42,603,000 views/day --> <div class="central-featured-lang lang10" lang="pt" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-pt" href="//pt.wikipedia.org/" title="Português — Wikipédia — A Enciclopédia Livre" class="link-box" data-slogan="A Enciclopédia Livre"> <strong>Português</strong> <small>1.155.000+ <span>artigos</span></small> </a> </div> </nav> <div role="search" class="search-container"> <form class="pure-form" id="search-form" action="//www.wikipedia.org/search-redirect.php" data-el-section="search"> <fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="family" value="wikipedia"> <div class="search-input" id="search-input"> <label for="searchInput" class="screen-reader-text" data-jsl10n="portal.search-input-label">Search Wikipedia</label> <input id="searchInput" name="search" type="search" size="20" autofocus="autofocus" accesskey="F" dir="auto" autocomplete="off"> <div class="styled-select no-js"> <div class="hide-arrow"> <select id="searchLanguage" name="language"> <option value="af" lang="af">Afrikaans</option> <option value="sq" lang="sq">Shqip</option><!-- Anglisht --> <option value="ar" lang="ar">العربية</option><!-- Al-ʿArabīyah --> <option value="ast" lang="ast">Asturianu</option> <option value="az" lang="az">Azərbaycanca</option> <option value="bg" lang="bg">Български</option><!-- Bǎlgarski --> <option value="nan" lang="nan">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</option><!-- Bân-lâm-gú --> <option value="bn" lang="bn">বাংলা</option><!-- Bangla --> <option value="be" lang="be">Беларуская</option><!-- Belaruskaya --> <option value="ca" lang="ca">Català</option> <option value="cs" lang="cs">Čeština</option> <option value="cy" lang="cy">Cymraeg</option> <option value="da" lang="da">Dansk</option> <option value="de" lang="de">Deutsch</option> <option value="et" lang="et">Eesti</option> <option value="el" lang="el">Ελληνικά</option><!-- Ellīniká --> <option value="en" lang="en" selected=selected>English</option><!-- English --> <option value="es" lang="es">Español</option><!-- Español --> <option value="eo" lang="eo">Esperanto</option> <option value="eu" lang="eu">Euskara</option> <option value="fa" lang="fa">فارسی</option><!-- Fārsi --> <option value="fr" lang="fr">Français</option> <option value="gl" lang="gl">Galego</option><!-- Galego --> <option value="ko" lang="ko">한국어</option><!-- Hangugeo --> <option value="hy" lang="hy">Հայերեն</option><!-- Hayeren --> <option value="hi" lang="hi">हिन्दी</option><!-- Hindī --> <option value="hr" lang="hr">Hrvatski</option> <option value="id" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</option> <option value="it" lang="it">Italiano</option> <option value="he" lang="he">עברית</option><!-- Ivrit --> <option value="ka" lang="ka">ქართული</option><!-- Kartuli --> <option value="lld" lang="lld">Ladin</option> <option value="la" lang="la">Latina</option> <option value="lv" lang="lv">Latviešu</option> <option value="lt" lang="lt">Lietuvių</option> <option value="hu" lang="hu">Magyar</option> <option value="mk" lang="mk">Македонски</option><!-- Makedonski --> <option value="mg" lang="mg">Malagasy</option> <option value="mr" lang="mr">मराठी</option><!-- Marathi --> <option value="arz" lang="arz">مصرى</option><!-- Maṣrī --> <option value="ms" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</option><!-- Bahasa Melayu --> <option value="min" lang="min">Bahaso Minangkabau</option> <option value="my" lang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</option><!-- Myanmarsar --> <option value="nl" lang="nl">Nederlands</option> <option value="ja" lang="ja">日本語</option><!-- Nihongo --> <option value="no" lang="nb">Norsk (bokmål)</option> <option value="nn" lang="nn">Norsk (nynorsk)</option> <option value="ce" lang="ce">Нохчийн</option><!-- Noxçiyn --> <option value="uz" lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча</option> <option value="pl" lang="pl">Polski</option> <option value="pt" lang="pt">Português</option> <option value="kk" lang="kk">Қазақша / Qazaqşa / قازاقشا</option> <option value="ro" lang="ro">Română</option> <option value="simple" lang="en">Simple English</option> <option value="ceb" lang="ceb">Sinugboanong Binisaya</option> <option value="sk" lang="sk">Slovenčina</option> <option value="sl" lang="sl">Slovenščina</option><!-- Slovenščina --> <option value="sr" lang="sr">Српски / Srpski</option> <option value="sh" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</option> <option value="fi" lang="fi">Suomi</option> <option value="sv" lang="sv">Svenska</option> <option value="sw" lang="sw">Kiswahili</option> <option value="ta" lang="ta">தமிழ்</option><!-- Tamiḻ --> <option value="tt" lang="tt">Татарча / Tatarça</option> <option value="te" lang="te">తెలుగు</option><!-- Telugu --> <option value="th" lang="th">ภาษาไทย</option><!-- Phasa Thai --> <option value="tg" lang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</option><!-- Tojikī --> <option value="azb" lang="azb">تۆرکجه</option><!-- Türkce --> <option value="tr" lang="tr">Türkçe</option> <option value="uk" lang="uk">Українська</option><!-- Ukrayins’ka --> <option value="ur" lang="ur">اردو</option><!-- Urdu --> <option value="vi" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</option> <option value="war" lang="war">Winaray</option> <option value="zh" lang="zh">中文</option><!-- Zhōngwén --> <option value="ru" lang="ru">Русский</option><!-- Russkiy --> <option value="yue" lang="yue">粵語</option> </select> <div class="styled-select-active-helper"></div> </div> <i class="sprite svg-arrow-down"></i> </div> </div> <button class="pure-button pure-button-primary-progressive" type="submit"> <i class="sprite svg-search-icon" data-jsl10n="search-input-button">Search</i> </button> <input type="hidden" value="Go" name="go"> </fieldset> </form> </div> <nav data-jsl10n="all-languages-nav-label" aria-label="All languages"> <div class="lang-list-button-wrapper"> <button id="js-lang-list-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="js-lang-lists" class="lang-list-button"> <i class="sprite svg-language-icon"></i> <span class="lang-list-button-text jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.language-button-text">Read Wikipedia in your language </span> <i class="sprite svg-arrow-down-blue"></i> </button> </div> <div class="lang-list-border"></div> <div class="lang-list-container"> <div id="js-lang-lists" class="lang-list-content"> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 1,000,000+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist langlist-large hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/" lang="ar" title="Al-ʿArabīyah"><bdi dir="rtl">العربية</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/" lang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/" lang="en" title="English">English</a></li> <li><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/" lang="es" title="Español">Español</a></li> <li><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/" lang="fa" title="Fārsi"><bdi dir="rtl">فارسی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/" lang="fr">Français</a></li> <li><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/" lang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/" lang="arz" title="Maṣrī"><bdi dir="rtl">مصرى</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/" lang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/" lang="ja" title="Nihongo">日本語</a></li> <li><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/" lang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/" lang="pt">Português</a></li> <li><a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/" lang="ceb">Sinugboanong Binisaya</a></li> <li><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/" lang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/" lang="uk" title="Ukrayins’ka">Українська</a></li> <li><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/" lang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/" lang="zh" title="Zhōngwén">中文</a></li> <li><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/" lang="ru" title="Russkiy">Русский</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 100,000+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist langlist-large hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/" lang="af">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/" lang="sq" title="Anglisht">Shqip</a></li> <li><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/" lang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/" lang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/" lang="bg" title="Bǎlgarski">Български</a></li> <li><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/" lang="nan" title="Bân-lâm-gú">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/" lang="bn" title="Bangla">বাংলা</a></li> <li><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/" lang="be" title="Belaruskaya">Беларуская</a></li> <li><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/" lang="ca">Català</a></li> <li><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/" lang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/" lang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/" lang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/" lang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/" lang="el" title="Ellīniká">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/" lang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/" lang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/" lang="gl" title="Galego">Galego</a></li> <li><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/" lang="ko" title="Hangugeo">한국어</a></li> <li><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/" lang="hy" title="Hayeren">Հայերեն</a></li> <li><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/" lang="hi" title="Hindī">हिन्दी</a></li> <li><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/" lang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/" lang="he" title="Ivrit"><bdi dir="rtl">עברית</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/" lang="ka" title="Kartuli">ქართული</a></li> <li><a href="//lld.wikipedia.org/" lang="lld">Ladin</a></li> <li><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/" lang="la">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/" lang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/" lang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/" lang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/" lang="mk" title="Makedonski">Македонски</a></li> <li><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/" lang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/" lang="mr" title="Marathi">मराठी</a></li> <li><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/" lang="ms" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/" lang="min">Bahaso Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/" lang="my" title="Myanmarsar">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li lang="no">Norsk<ul><li><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/" lang="nb">bokmål</a></li><li><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/" lang="nn">nynorsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/" lang="ce" title="Noxçiyn">Нохчийн</a></li> <li><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/" lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча</a></li> <li><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/" lang="kk"><span lang="kk-Cyrl">Қазақша</span> / <span lang="kk-Latn">Qazaqşa</span> / <bdi lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاقشا</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/" lang="ro">Română</a></li> <li><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/" lang="en">Simple English</a></li> <li><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/" lang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/" lang="sl" title="Slovenščina">Slovenščina</a></li> <li><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/" lang="sr">Српски / Srpski</a></li> <li><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</a></li> <li><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/" lang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/" lang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/" lang="ta" title="Tamiḻ">தமிழ்</a></li> <li><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/" lang="tt">Татарча / Tatarça</a></li> <li><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/" lang="te" title="Telugu">తెలుగు</a></li> <li><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/" lang="th" title="Phasa Thai">ภาษาไทย</a></li> <li><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/" lang="tg" title="Tojikī">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li><a href="//azb.wikipedia.org/" lang="azb" title="Türkce"><bdi dir="rtl">تۆرکجه</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/" lang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/" lang="ur" title="Urdu"><bdi dir="rtl">اردو</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/" lang="yue">粵語</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 10,000+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//ace.wikipedia.org/" lang="ace">Bahsa Acèh</a></li> <li><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/" lang="gsw">Alemannisch</a></li> <li><a href="//am.wikipedia.org/" lang="am" title="Āmariññā">አማርኛ</a></li> <li><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/" lang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li><a href="//hyw.wikipedia.org/" lang="hyw" title="Arevmdahayeren">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li><a href="//gor.wikipedia.org/" lang="gor">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li> <li><a href="//ban.wikipedia.org/" lang="ban" title="Basa Bali">Basa Bali</a></li> <li><a href="//bjn.wikipedia.org/" lang="bjn">Bahasa Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="//map-bms.wikipedia.org/" lang="map-x-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/" lang="ba" title="Başqortsa">Башҡортса</a></li> <li><a href="//be-tarask.wikipedia.org/" lang="be-tarask" title="Bielaruskaja (taraškievica)">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li><a href="//bcl.wikipedia.org/" lang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li> <li><a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/" lang="bpy" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/" lang="bar">Boarisch</a></li> <li><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/" lang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/" lang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/" lang="cv" title="Čăvašla">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li><a href="//dag.wikipedia.org/" lang="dag">Dagbanli</a></li> <li><a href="//ary.wikipedia.org/" lang="ary" title="Darija"><bdi dir="rtl">الدارجة</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//nv.wikipedia.org/" lang="nv">Diné Bizaad</a></li> <li><a href="//eml.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa-x-eml">Emigliàn–Rumagnòl</a></li> <li><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/" lang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/" lang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li> <li><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/" lang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li><a href="//ff.wikipedia.org/" lang="ff">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/" lang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/" lang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="//glk.wikipedia.org/" lang="glk" title="Giləki"><bdi dir="rtl">گیلکی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/" lang="gu" title="Gujarati">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li><a href="//hak.wikipedia.org/" lang="hak">Hak-kâ-ngî / 客家語</a></li> <li><a href="//ha.wikipedia.org/" lang="ha">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="//hsb.wikipedia.org/" lang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/" lang="io">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="//ig.wikipedia.org/" lang="ig">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/" lang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/" lang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/" lang="ie">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/" lang="os" title="Iron">Ирон</a></li> <li><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/" lang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/" lang="jv">Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/" lang="kn" title="Kannada">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li><a href="//pam.wikipedia.org/" lang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="//km.wikipedia.org/" lang="km" title="Phéasa Khmér">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li><a href="//avk.wikipedia.org/" lang="avk">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/" lang="ht">Kreyòl Ayisyen</a></li> <li><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/" lang="ku"><span lang="ku-Latn">Kurdî</span> / <bdi lang="ku-Arab" dir="rtl">كوردی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/" lang="ckb" title="Kurdîy Nawendî"><bdi dir="rtl">کوردیی ناوەندی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/" lang="ky" title="Kyrgyzča">Кыргызча</a></li> <li><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/" lang="mjr" title="Kyryk Mary">Кырык мары</a></li> <li><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/" lang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li><a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/" lang="lij">Lìgure</a></li> <li><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/" lang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/" lang="lmo">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="//mai.wikipedia.org/" lang="mai" title="Maithilī">मैथिली</a></li> <li><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/" lang="ml" title="Malayalam">മലയാളം</a></li> <li><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/" lang="xmf" title="Margaluri">მარგალური</a></li> <li><a href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/" lang="mzn" title="Mäzeruni"><bdi dir="rtl">مازِرونی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/" lang="cdo" title="Ming-deng-ngu">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ / 閩東語</a></li> <li><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/" lang="mn" title="Mongol">Монгол</a></li> <li><a href="//nap.wikipedia.org/" lang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li><a href="//new.wikipedia.org/" lang="new" title="Nepal Bhasa">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/" lang="ne" title="Nepālī">नेपाली</a></li> <li><a href="//frr.wikipedia.org/" lang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/" lang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="//mhr.wikipedia.org/" lang="mhr" title="Olyk Marij">Олык марий</a></li> <li><a href="//or.wikipedia.org/" lang="or" title="Oṛiā">ଓଡି଼ଆ</a></li> <li><a href="//as.wikipedia.org/" lang="as" title="Ôxômiya">অসমীযা়</a></li> <li><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/" lang="pa" title="Pañjābī (Gurmukhī)">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/" lang="pnb" title="Pañjābī (Shāhmukhī)"><bdi dir="rtl">پنجابی (شاہ مکھی)</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/" lang="ps" title="Paʂto"><bdi dir="rtl">پښتو</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/" lang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/" lang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li><a href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/" lang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li><a href="//crh.wikipedia.org/" lang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/" lang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/" lang="rue" title="Rusin’skyj">Русиньскый</a></li> <li><a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/" lang="sa" title="Saṃskṛtam">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li><a href="//sat.wikipedia.org/" lang="sat" title="Santali">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li><a href="//skr.wikipedia.org/" lang="skr" title="Saraiki">سرائیکی</a></li> <li><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/" lang="sah" title="Saxa Tyla">Саха Тыла</a></li> <li><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/" lang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="//sn.wikipedia.org/" lang="sn">ChiShona</a></li> <li><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/" lang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/" lang="si" title="Siṃhala">සිංහල</a></li> <li><a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/" lang="sd" title="Sindhī"><bdi dir="rtl">سنڌي</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/" lang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li> <li><a href="//su.wikipedia.org/" lang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="//shi.wikipedia.org/" lang="shi">Taclḥit</a></li> <li><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/" lang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="//shn.wikipedia.org/" lang="shn">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး</a></li> <li><a href="//zgh.wikipedia.org/" lang="zgh" title="Tamazight tanawayt">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> <li><a href="//tly.wikipedia.org/" lang="tly">tolışi</a></li> <li><a href="//tum.wikipedia.org/" lang="tum">chiTumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="//bug.wikipedia.org/" lang="bug">Basa Ugi</a></li> <li><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/" lang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/" lang="vo">Volapük</a></li> <li><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/" lang="wa">Walon</a></li> <li><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/" lang="lzh" title="Wényán">文言</a></li> <li><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/" lang="wuu" title="Wúyǔ">吴语</a></li> <li><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/" lang="yi" title="Yidiš"><bdi dir="rtl">ייִדיש</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/" lang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/" lang="diq">Zazaki</a></li> <li><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/" lang="sgs">žemaitėška</a></li> <li><a href="//zu.wikipedia.org/" lang="zu">isiZulu</a></li> <li><a href="//mni.wikipedia.org/" lang="mni">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 1,000+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/" lang="lad"><span lang="lad-Latn">Dzhudezmo</span> / <bdi lang="lad-Hebr" dir="rtl">לאדינו</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//kbd.wikipedia.org/" lang="kbd" title="Adighabze">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li><a href="//ang.wikipedia.org/" lang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li> <li><a href="//smn.wikipedia.org/" lang="smn" title="Anarâškielâ">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li><a href="//anp.wikipedia.org/" lang="anp" title="Angika">अंगिका</a></li> <li><a href="//ab.wikipedia.org/" lang="ab" title="Aṗsshwa">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li><a href="//roa-rup.wikipedia.org/" lang="rup">armãneashti</a></li> <li><a href="//frp.wikipedia.org/" lang="frp">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="//atj.wikipedia.org/" lang="atj">atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="//arc.wikipedia.org/" lang="arc" title="Ātûrāyâ"><bdi dir="rtl">ܐܬܘܪܝܐ</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//gn.wikipedia.org/" lang="gn">Avañe’ẽ</a></li> <li><a href="//av.wikipedia.org/" lang="av" title="Avar">Авар</a></li> <li><a href="//ay.wikipedia.org/" lang="ay">Aymar</a></li> <li><a href="//bbc.wikipedia.org/" lang="bbc">Batak Toba</a></li> <li><a href="//bew.wikipedia.org/" lang="bew">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="//bh.wikipedia.org/" lang="bh" title="Bhōjapurī">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li><a href="//bi.wikipedia.org/" lang="bi">Bislama</a></li> <li><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/" lang="bo" title="Bod Skad">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/" lang="bxr" title="Buryad">Буряад</a></li> <li><a href="//cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/" lang="cbk-x-zam">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li><a href="//ny.wikipedia.org/" lang="ny">Chichewa</a></li> <li><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/" lang="co">Corsu</a></li> <li><a href="//za.wikipedia.org/" lang="za">Vahcuengh / 話僮</a></li> <li><a href="//dga.wikipedia.org/" lang="dga">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="//se.wikipedia.org/" lang="se" title="Davvisámegiella">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li><a href="//pdc.wikipedia.org/" lang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li> <li><a href="//dv.wikipedia.org/" lang="dv" title="Divehi"><bdi dir="rtl">ދިވެހިބަސް</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//dsb.wikipedia.org/" lang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li><a href="//dtp.wikipedia.org/" lang="dtp">Dusun Bundu-liwan</a></li> <li><a href="//myv.wikipedia.org/" lang="myv" title="Erzjanj">Эрзянь</a></li> <li><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/" lang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li> <li><a href="//ee.wikipedia.org/" lang="ee">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li><a href="//gur.wikipedia.org/" lang="gur">Farefare</a></li> <li><a href="//fon.wikipedia.org/" lang="fon">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li> <li><a href="//fur.wikipedia.org/" lang="fur">Furlan</a></li> <li><a href="//gv.wikipedia.org/" lang="gv">Gaelg</a></li> <li><a href="//gag.wikipedia.org/" lang="gag">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="//inh.wikipedia.org/" lang="inh" title="Ghalghai">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li><a href="//gpe.wikipedia.org/" lang="gpe">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="//ki.wikipedia.org/" lang="ki">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/" lang="gan" title="Gon ua" data-hans="赣语" data-hant="贛語" class="jscnconv">赣语 / 贛語</a></li> <li><a href="//guw.wikipedia.org/" lang="guw">Gungbe</a></li> <li><a href="//xal.wikipedia.org/" lang="xal" title="Halʹmg">Хальмг</a></li> <li><a href="//haw.wikipedia.org/" lang="haw">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="//rw.wikipedia.org/" lang="rw">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="//iba.wikipedia.org/" lang="iba">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li><a href="//kbp.wikipedia.org/" lang="kbp">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="//knc.wikipedia.org/" lang="knc">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="//csb.wikipedia.org/" lang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li><a href="//kw.wikipedia.org/" lang="kw">Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="//kv.wikipedia.org/" lang="kv" title="Komi">Коми</a></li> <li><a href="//koi.wikipedia.org/" lang="koi" title="Perem Komi">Перем коми</a></li> <li><a href="//kg.wikipedia.org/" lang="kg">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="//gom.wikipedia.org/" lang="gom">कोंकणी / Konknni</a></li> <li><a href="//ks.wikipedia.org/" lang="ks" title="Koshur"><bdi dir="rtl">كٲشُر</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//gcr.wikipedia.org/" lang="gcr">Kriyòl Gwiyannen</a></li> <li><a href="//kge.wikipedia.org/" lang="kge">Kumoring</a></li> <li><a href="//kus.wikipedia.org/" lang="kus">Kʋsaal</a></li> <li><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/" lang="lo" title="Phaasaa Laao">ພາສາລາວ</a></li> <li><a href="//lbe.wikipedia.org/" lang="lbe" title="Lakku">Лакку</a></li> <li><a href="//ltg.wikipedia.org/" lang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li> <li><a href="//lez.wikipedia.org/" lang="lez" title="Lezgi">Лезги</a></li> <li><a href="//nia.wikipedia.org/" lang="nia">Li Niha</a></li> <li><a href="//ln.wikipedia.org/" lang="ln">Lingála</a></li> <li><a href="//lfn.wikipedia.org/" lang="lfn">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="//olo.wikipedia.org/" lang="olo">livvinkarjala</a></li> <li><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/" lang="jbo">lojban</a></li> <li><a href="//lg.wikipedia.org/" lang="lg">Luganda</a></li> <li><a href="//mad.wikipedia.org/" lang="mad">Madhurâ</a></li> <li><a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/" lang="mt">Malti</a></li> <li><a href="//btm.wikipedia.org/" lang="btm">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="//mi.wikipedia.org/" lang="mi">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="//fat.wikipedia.org/" lang="fat">Mfantse</a></li> <li><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/" lang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li> <li><a href="//mdf.wikipedia.org/" lang="mdf" title="Mokšenj">Мокшень</a></li> <li><a href="//mnw.wikipedia.org/" lang="mnw">ဘာသာ မန်</a></li> <li><a href="//mos.wikipedia.org/" lang="mos">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="//nqo.wikipedia.org/" lang="nqo" title="N'Ko">ߒߞߏ</a></li> <li><a href="//fj.wikipedia.org/" lang="fj">Na Vosa Vaka-Viti</a></li> <li><a href="//nah.wikipedia.org/" lang="nah">Nāhuatlahtōlli</a></li> <li><a href="//pcm.wikipedia.org/" lang="pcm">Naijá</a></li> <li><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/" lang="nds-nl">Nedersaksisch</a></li> <li><a href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa-x-nrm">Nouormand / Normaund</a></li> <li><a href="//nov.wikipedia.org/" lang="nov">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="//om.wikipedia.org/" lang="om">Afaan Oromoo</a></li> <li><a href="//blk.wikipedia.org/" lang="blk">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li><a href="//pi.wikipedia.org/" lang="pi" title="Pāḷi">पालि</a></li> <li><a href="//pag.wikipedia.org/" lang="pag">Pangasinán</a></li> <li><a href="//ami.wikipedia.org/" lang="ami">Pangcah</a></li> <li><a href="//pap.wikipedia.org/" lang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li> <li><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/" lang="jam">Patois</a></li> <li><a href="//pfl.wikipedia.org/" lang="pfl">Pfälzisch</a></li> <li><a href="//pcd.wikipedia.org/" lang="pcd">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="//krc.wikipedia.org/" lang="krc" title="Qaraçay–Malqar">Къарачай–малкъар</a></li> <li><a href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/" lang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li><a href="//rm.wikipedia.org/" lang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li> <li><a href="//szy.wikipedia.org/" lang="szy">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="//sm.wikipedia.org/" lang="sm">Gagana Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/" lang="sc">Sardu</a></li> <li><a href="//trv.wikipedia.org/" lang="trv">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="//stq.wikipedia.org/" lang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li><a href="//st.wikipedia.org/" lang="st">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="//nso.wikipedia.org/" lang="nso">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li><a href="//tn.wikipedia.org/" lang="tn">Setswana</a></li> <li><a href="//syl.wikipedia.org/" lang="syl" title="Silôṭi">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li> <li><a href="//cu.wikipedia.org/" lang="cu" title="Slověnĭskŭ">Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li><a href="//so.wikipedia.org/" lang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li><a href="//srn.wikipedia.org/" lang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li> <li><a href="//ss.wikipedia.org/" lang="ss">SiSwati</a></li> <li><a href="//ty.wikipedia.org/" lang="ty">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="//kab.wikipedia.org/" lang="kab" title="Taqbaylit">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li><a href="//roa-tara.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa">Tarandíne</a></li> <li><a href="//tay.wikipedia.org/" lang="tay">Tayal</a></li> <li><a href="//tet.wikipedia.org/" lang="tet">Tetun</a></li> <li><a href="//tpi.wikipedia.org/" lang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li><a href="//to.wikipedia.org/" lang="to">faka Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="//chr.wikipedia.org/" lang="chr" title="Tsalagi">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li><a href="//tk.wikipedia.org/" lang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li> <li><a href="//tw.wikipedia.org/" lang="tw">Twi</a></li> <li><a href="//kcg.wikipedia.org/" lang="kcg">Tyap</a></li> <li><a href="//tyv.wikipedia.org/" lang="tyv" title="Tyva dyl">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li><a href="//udm.wikipedia.org/" lang="udm" title="Udmurt">Удмурт</a></li> <li><a href="//ug.wikipedia.org/" lang="ug"><bdi dir="rtl">ئۇيغۇرچه</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//vep.wikipedia.org/" lang="vep">Vepsän</a></li> <li><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/" lang="vro">võro</a></li> <li><a href="//vls.wikipedia.org/" lang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li> <li><a href="//wo.wikipedia.org/" lang="wo">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="//xh.wikipedia.org/" lang="xh">isiXhosa</a></li> <li><a href="//zea.wikipedia.org/" lang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li> <li><a href="//alt.wikipedia.org/" lang="alt">алтай тил</a></li> <li><a href="//awa.wikipedia.org/" lang="awa">अवधी</a></li> <li><a href="//dty.wikipedia.org/" lang="dty">डोटेली</a></li> <li><a href="//tcy.wikipedia.org/" lang="tcy">ತುಳು</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 100+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist langlist-tiny hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//bdr.wikipedia.org/" lang="bdr">Bajau Sama</a></li> <li><a href="//bm.wikipedia.org/" lang="bm">Bamanankan</a></li> <li><a href="//ch.wikipedia.org/" lang="ch">Chamoru</a></li> <li><a href="//dz.wikipedia.org/" lang="dz" title="Rdzong-Kha">རྫོང་ཁ</a></li> <li><a href="//got.wikipedia.org/" lang="got" title="Gutisk">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li><a href="//igl.wikipedia.org/" lang="igl">Igala</a></li> 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